Direct measurement of crosswinds to remotely sense 3-D wind-velocity vectors

We present a method for directly measuring the local 3-D wind-velocity vector using normal 1-D Doppler combined with a range-resolved crosswind measurement that is performed by tracking the displacement of atmospheric turbulence cells over time. Previous work on measuring crosswinds has either used modelling based solely on lidar Doppler wind measurement along the line of sight for a large set of directions of regard [1], or provided passive path-integrated observations of crosswind [2, 3]. A pattern of Shack-Hartman spots that defines the signature of the atmospheric turbulence cells is used to determine its shift due to cross-wind [14], and the angle of rotation is used to determine range using a CGH vortex method.